β³ the formalization of the nation-state and the rise of nationalism
There are competing claims regarding when nationalism emerged, especially in the Western World (from the 16th to 19th centuries). In the Philippine context, the idea of the "nation" is typically linked to the 1896 Revolution as three centuries of Spanish colonial rule culminated, among others, in the notion of a Filipino nation.
the concept of heritage as an offshoot of modernity
Why does the nation-state need a national heritage?
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The origins of the dominant heritage discourse are linked to the development of nineteenth-century nationalism and liberal modernity, and while competing discourses do occur, the dominant discourse is intrinsically embedded with a sense of the pastoral care of the material past. @smithUsesHeritage2006, 17